In today’s economy, all of us—even those of us who aren’t trained as designers—must become design thinkers. -Daniel Pink

iPad To Go

It’s been a hectic but interesting summer crisscrossing the Atlantic for work. I like catching up on reading during long flights but hate schlepping books, so the iPad is a Godsend.

The slim glass and metal tablet lets me carry an array of books, films and music.  When I’m too jet lagged to read a dense book, I skim magazines or catch TED talks. It’s thrilling to have such a wide assortment of mind candy.

One of my favorite resources is WIRED Magazine’s app developed by Adobe Digital for Condé Naste.  The app lives up to its hype of providing an immersive, highly interactive experience.  Gorgeous images and crisp typography rotate with the device, and the layout is just plain sexy. I find myself returning to the app to figure out why it’s so alluring.

This isn’t an app review, but rather an observation and a warning that digital publications like WIRED Magazine are having a profound impact. “The iPad effect” is changing the way we experience information and there are implications for all of us interested in connecting with our audiences.

Death of a Salesman

Curiously, the idea for this piece came not from something I viewed on an iPad, but on a conference room screen where PowerPoint slides were presented by a software vendor.  The salesman, Frank (not his real name), was trying to convince my colleagues and me to buy his company’s well-known hosted CRM software.

The slides were mind-numbingly predictable. An “Agenda” slide was followed by seemingly endless “features and benefits” in bullet form, followed by the “Next Steps” which, thankfully, signaled the end of the ordeal.  Sound familiar?  I remember looking at my watch and thinking, “Forty-five precious minutes lost forever”.

Of course Frank’s intent was to convince us of his “value proposition,” but I came away with the impression that his company is out of touch. His pitch created doubts in my mind about the brand.

Sadly, I’ve endured countless corporate slide decks like that before, but I don’t recall ever feeling such aversion. The contrast with the sleek iPad apps I’d been seeing made Frank’s presentation seem like a relic from the Industrial Age. The starkness of the contrast is the “the iPad effect”.

Apps like WIRED Magazine are exposing us all to sleeker images and interactive features, and we who rely on presenting information to influence audiences ought to rethink the way we design and present it.

Redesigning Design

Taking a more thoughtful approach to information design isn’t new. Edward Tufte and, more recently, Garr Reynolds (the Presentation Zen guy) have been preaching — often to the converted — about how and why our presentations need a makeover. The “information architecture” movement has been raising awareness about design literacy for decades.

But, old habits die hard. Despite the consciousness raising, ‘Death by PowerPoint’ still takes a heavy toll in business.

Now comes the iPad to show us what’s possible. I’m not arguing that the old paradigm will collapse overnight, but iPad’s aspirational developers are informing our design sensibilities.  A new “design sensitivity” zeitgeist has emerged and there’s no going back.

Keep in mind that this is just the beginning. We’ve only seen Adobe Digital’s first generation of iPad apps. They’re working now to make the next iteration sleeker and more interactive. Other developers around the world are working on breaking the design code, too. The next generations of information will be more alluring.

What are the implications? It’s time to put the old paradigm to rest. Design is the next frontier. And that’s good news.

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What do you think? As always, I’d love to hear your views on this subject.

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Want more info?

Here are two new books on improving design: Garr Reynolds’ latest (’09), Presentation Zen Design, and Nancy Duarte’s (’10) Slide: ology.  Thanks, Nancy, for the great advice over the years.

Some brilliant ideas concerning the “design behind the design” are found on Boxes and Arrows.

Related: design thinking helps us to radically re-imagine the way we solve problems in business. The design firm, IDEO, has some terrific resources.

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Distinguished scholar and visionary

The distinguished business scholar, C. K. Prahalad, died unexpectedly last week of a lung ailment at the age of 69. His contributions to the pursuit of business strategy and innovation are unparalleled.  He’s had an enormous influence on my work and that of my peers.

Dr. Prahalad was more than a celebrated management guru, he was a visionary.  He redefined the way that a growing number of global businesses deal with developing markets, and he helped to shape a new economic paradigm.

The Indian-born Prahalad received his doctorate from Harvard and taught at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, but he never strayed far from contemplating the social and economic issues that affected his native India.

A recurring theme in his work concerned the centrality of the customer in today’s global, interconnected marketplace. He urged business leaders to “co-create” or develop products in tandem with their customers.

During the much of his career, his focus was on corporate strategy at multinational enterprises. Among his  notable works were “The Core Competence of the Corporation” (Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1990), and a 1994 book,  Competing for the Future, both of which which he co-wrote with Gary Hamel.

The Bottom of the Pyramid

However, C. K. Prahalad is best known for his 2004 book, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits.  In that work, he argued that businesses stand to reap benefits from serving the world’s poorest people or those at “Bottom of the Pyramid” (BoP) who live on $2 or less per day and who comprise a majority of the world’s population.

“Four billion poor can be the engine of the next round of global trade and prosperity,” he wrote.  “If we stop thinking of the poor as victims or as a burden and start recognizing them as resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers, a whole new world of opportunity will open up.”

His view of serving consumers in emerging markets, or “inclusive capitalism”, was eye-opening for many business leaders who had long ignored the needs of the poor and, in so doing, missed important opportunities.

Accessible and affordable products

Dr. Prahalad identified several obstacles in serving BoP consumers. For example, he observed that poor consumers typically have unpredictable income streams and they subsist on daily wages. They tend to buy only when they have money on hand, and only what they need that day.

Accordingly, he pointed out that single-serve packaging, for items like shampoo, condiments, tea and coffee, and aspirin, is well suited to this population, noting that a single-serve revolution is sweeping BoP markets.

In order to make products accessible and affordable for BoP consumers, Dr. Prahalad challenged business leaders to re-think traditional value chains by determining which components can be outsourced and which need to be “centralized” to minimize costs while maintaining quality.

Dr. Prahalad also recognized that emerging markets are “laboratories” for innovation.  He argued that reverse or “trickle up” innovation — goods and services made in and for developing markets — can transform industries in developed markets.

Examples  of “trickle-up” innovations include micro-lending, mobile-banking (”M-banking”), low-cost mobile phones, low cost hotels, and even car manufacturing where Tata Motors’ Nano – a car made for Indian consumers that sells for $2,000 USD – is slated to be sold in developed markets.

Lessons learned

Western businesses have only begun serving BoP markets, but a growing number of us are learning from consumers and entrepreneurs in developing markets about how to restructure our own business models.  The lessons we’re learning about lean manufacturing and virtual distribution chains from BoP markets are already transforming global markets.

The most profound change that we in the West have in serving BoP consumers is one of attitude. As we drop our assumptions and learn to better understand the needs of low income consumers, we’ll be able to tap the full measure of opportunities that Dr. Prahalad envisaged.

C.K. Prahalad spoke poignantly about how much the developed world can gain from serving and ultimately raising the living standards of people at the base of the Pyramid. He’s inspired my colleagues and me to see both developing markets and consumers through sharper, more accurate lenses, and we owe him an inestimable debt of gratitude.  He’ll be sorely missed.

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As always I’d appreciate your perspective.

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Want more information about Dr. Prahalad? Here is the Times Of India’s eulogy.

This is an ‘07 video clip featuring his discussion of  “the good and not-so-good” news about globalization’s impact on the Bottom of the Pyramid.

This video features an interview with Dr. Prahalad via Thinkers50 which named him “the most influential business thinker in the world” in 2009.  Here is his keynote address to the Acumen Fund Fellows Class of 2009.

I  recommend Dr. Prahalad’s ‘08 book, New Age of Innovation, co-written with M. S. Krishnan.

Finally, here are assorted posts on this blog referring to Dr. Prahalad and emerging markets opportunities and issues.

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“So you got to let me know, should I stay or should I go?” ~The Clash

Why customers do what they do

It feels like we’re at the dawn of a new era in understanding how people — namely our customers — make decisions, and some businesses will benefit enormously. More importantly, customers will soon enjoy more kinds of services designed to better meet their needs.

Our collective thinking is being informed by discoveries in behavioral sciences and behavioral economics about the role of the unconscious mind and the centrality of emotions in driving behavior. Many of these findings are now verifiable through neuroimaging tools.

Among other things, we’re realizing that people aren’t Vulcan-like beings who make choices on a cold, purely rational basis. Individuals — our customers — are complicated and swayed by factors beneath the level of consciousness.

Insights about how people are wired have been rolling in for decades. But lately, these insights have penetrated the mainstream consciousness due, in part, to the popular writers like Ori and Rom Brafman (Sway) and Dan Ariely (Predictably Irrational), among others, who are distilling social science discoveries for mass audiences.

These findings aren’t causing companies to rethink their missions—not yet, anyway. Delta Airlines and Verizon aren’t transforming their business models to accommodate social science breakthroughs, but a subtle and profound shift is occurring.

Out with the old…

I’ve been encountering more clients lately who are moving away from outmoded assumptions about service and toward conducting research to learn what factors drive their customers behavior. Instead of relying on the “if you build it, they will come” principle, businesses are trying to figure out precisely why their customers are buying, or not.

For example, the traditional service model emphasized customer satisfaction (“C-Sat”) which many practitioners still believe is predictive of repurchasing behavior. C-Sat has been universally regarded as a proxy for service quality, but research shows that emphasizing satisfaction alone is an overly narrow focus.  Multiple drivers, unique to each context, play a far greater role in influencing customer loyalty.

In fact, research shows that customers will tell a service provider that they’re ’satisfied’ yet switch away from the brand for any number of reasons.  Ironically, a majority of people who defect reported that they were ‘satisfied’.

Recently, my team assisted a U.S. retailer that had been suffering from declining retention rates. The company wasn’t aware that their new interactive voice response (IVR) menu frustrated customers who’d been reporting that they were ’satisfied’ overall.  By asking exacting questions and conducting a proper analysis, the company was able to prevent further market damage.  The fix turned out to be cheap, simple and quick.

The big news isn’t that companies are rejecting C-Sat, but that they’re taking a refreshingly thoughtful, behaviorally-grounded view of their customers which is opening the door for interesting, potentially sweeping changes.

Not so long ago, presenting behavioral research to the “C-suite” caused their eyes to glaze over. Now, forward-thinking leaders are requesting this information to support their business decisions.

What’s next?

It does feel like we’re entering a new era in understanding customers, but we’re only in its nascent stages. Applied behavioral psychologists don’t yet have a seat at the table, but the business community generally seems to be more receptive to their findings.

I think we’ll recognize the next stage when traditional organizations focus on using behavioral research to design services that are more compatible with human needs. Until then, keep your eye on the agile, innovative companies who are internalizing insights about their customers.  You’ll recognize them by their customers who are enjoying richer, more immersive service experiences and returning for more.

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As always, I’d love to hear your views on this subject….

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Want more info on this subject?

Scholars who are contributing to the growing body of social sciences and economics knowledge include Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman, Richard Thaler, and Robert Shiller.

Here’s info about my company’s (Osprey) decision-support services and Customer Insight Lab.

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One of the more satisfying experiences at year’s end is reaching out to clients, partners and colleagues to thank them for their business and their stalwart support.  It’s even sweeter this time while reflecting on an entire decade going back to the early days of my business.

We come from different cultures and work backgrounds, but what binds us together is an abiding interest in bringing value to our customers, and clearing the hurdles that come with that mandate.  My mission has been to gain a deeper understanding of  what customers need and designing solutions for delivering it. My commitment to that mission is stronger than ever.

I can’t say for sure what’s next in business trends — no one can — and I’m not offering my top ten predictions. But, if past is prologue, we’ll need to be more imaginative, collaborative, and courageous than ever.  We can and we will, because we must.

Every project offers a fresh opportunity to do something that’s never been done before, and there’s nothing more thrilling that that.  I’m excited about new projects on the horizon waiting to be cracked.

Looking back, trips to developing regions like the sub-Sahara are reminders that we who are fortunate to be doing what we enjoy must recognize the steeper challenges faced by others. We’re obliged to devote a fair portion of our time and resources to reducing the suffering of others.

So, there’s much to be done.  Let’s get on with it…

I wish you a Healthy and Prosperous New Year!

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You never know with these things when you’re trying something new what can happen. This is all experimental. ~Richard Branson

Over the years, there have been surprisingly few breakthroughs in the airline customer experience - until recently. Sir Richard Branson’s venture into the U.S. market, Virgin America, (VX) is redefining air travel by providing passengers with a fresh, distinctive on-board experience. The carrier is less than two years old but it’s quickly becoming a template for what’s possible in the future.

The choices VX is making demonstrate a “customer experience mindset” that’s all too rare in the industry. It’s evident that the VX team devoted their attention to passenger comfort and convenience. Features “baked in” to the customer experience include seats with power-outlets and USB ports. Cabins in their new A320s have soft mood lighting.

Healthy, appetizing meals designed by star-chef Luke Mangan show that the company knows what their customers prefer.  Features like these aren’t found on any domestic airline, let alone a low-cost one.

Last week, VX announced that its fleet is 100% WiFi-equipped (Gogo). They only have 28 planes, but they can boast that they’re the world’s first airline to reach that coveted milestone.

What’s most impressive is VX’s touch-screen, interactive entertainment system. The platform, known as Red, enables passengers to watch movies and live TV, play games, chat on-line with other passengers, and sample or even download MP3s from a massive digital library. Passengers can also use Red to order and pay for food and beverages which they receive “on-demand”.  For the digitally-inclined traveler, this is the way to fly.

Given the prohibitive cost of installing systems like Red on their existing fleets, it’s doubtful that any of the major network carriers will soon match VX’s “at-seat” amenities. But, the toughest feature for VX’s rivals to co-opt is its “customer experience mindset”.  These advantages could give the carrier a strong lead in the service innovation race for years to come if it stays healthy during this slowdown.

The airline serves only a handful of markets (New York, Boston, DC and the West Coast).  But, they’re big league markets where VX is attracting a cadre of loyal, well-heeled fans.  As an industry guy, I’m tipping my hat to Sir Richard Branson and VX’s San Francisco-based team for rethinking the in-flight experience, and for executing it well.

What do you think?  Have you sampled Virgin America?  I appreciate your perspective.

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Want more on this subject?

Richard Branson (Reuters, 6-2-09): “It’s unlikely all the big U.S. airlines will survive.”

Read Red Orbit’s piece (10-16-08), “Virgin America Wins Best Domestic Airline in Conde Nast Traveler’s (’08) Readers’ Choice Awards”.

Check out SimpliFlying’s series on Richard Branson and Virgin America.

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While it seems like everything has changed, the axioms of business remain constant. Customers still want exceptional “value” – in fact they’re demanding it. They’re more motivated than ever to look for it. If they can’t get it from you, they’ll go to your rivals. They’ll find value in new, atypical ways to get their needs met.  Help them solve their problems and the market will beat a path to your door.

Delivering exceptional value in lean times requires smarter tools and an atmosphere that encourages collaboration and continuous innovation—always thinking: how can we make this better, cutting out what’s unnecessary.

Winning in this environment isn’t complicated, but it’s not easy either.  There’s no silver bullet— don’t let any consultant or supplier convince you that there is a sophisticated methodology or a killer app that will do the trick. 

Succeeding, more than ever, boils down to empathizing with your customers and figuring out what they want as conditions around them change.  Then deliver it as efficiently as possible while treating them to an experience that’s as pleasing as possible. Of course, that’s easier said than done, but it’s do-able. 

These are certainly interesting times for service providers across industries and regions around the world.  For those with the agility and resources to keep improving their offerings and their customer experiences, new opportunities lie ahead.

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Companies have begunb scrutinizing their value chains from the bottom up and the top down because none of our customers has the extra time or money to be wasted by underperforming partners or suppliers.   The smart  firms have already started this process in earnest. 

Organizations we work with are mustering the self-honesty and diligence to impose greater process discipline and rigor while, at the same time, becoming “turn-on-a-dime” adaptable.  To succeed in this low-demand cycle, businesses will have to focus on what matters most to their customers and relentlessly discard what’s leftover. 

With that in mind, our team this week looked at ways we can improve the quality of services we provide our clients. We convened a workshop in Chicago aimed at squeezing even more value out of our solution delivery model.   We asked ourselves, how can we build more capacity? How can we deliver targeted solutions to clients quickly while also eliminating complexity?  We’re always asking these questions but I can’t recall ever  approaching  them with more ferver and resourcefulness.   

Businesses everywhere are facing one of the most daunting questions of our age. Will institutions be barriers to helping their constituents succeed or will they be bridges to the future?  I think the latter is likely if we take the right approach.  According to our clients and partners, that’s What’s Next…

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Our practice is concerned as much about the human and organizational issues enabling the successful application of business intelligence and analytics. These include management vision and commitment, organizational alignment, culture, and skills. We’ve learned that buying “yet-another-tool” seems easier than solving these broader challenges, but it’s rarely the answer companies are looking for.

The most successful practitioners of analytics somehow manage to create an environment where decisions across boundaries are made on the basis of evidence that comes from rigorous analytics.  Management at those companies enncourages a “test-and-learn” approach to refine products, services and offers.  So analytics encompasses the tools and practices that produces insights as well as the way the company uses the insights to contour its offerings.  Hope this is helpful. 

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To add some perspective, there is only about one landline per 33 people in Africa and that’s unlikely to change much given the high cost of installing fixed lines in the continent’s vast, remote regions. However, mobile networks are relatively easy to install and maintain.  Thus, mobile phones have become the primary communication channel throughout the sub-Sahara.

The large transnational telecoms, hungry for growth and finding saturation elsewhere, are quickly swooping in to the region hoping to grow their user bases.  Mobile operators are investing millions of dollars in  extending their coverage across the continent.  And as competition grows, they’re pouring millions more in to expand and fortify their networks.

This injection of capital is creating jobs and raising living standards in the region, and this is only the beginning.  It certainly feels like we’re at an inflection point and the socio-economic impact will be enormous.

But the African market poses some vexing challenges to operators. First, they’ll need to help the continent’s large base of very low income consumers to overcome the cost barrier of using mobile services.  Bottom line: these consumers who make under $2 a day need lower cost handsets.

Operators have been working with handset makers to produce units for as little as $15 USD. Refurbished handsets, recycled from other markets, are bringing prices down further.

Low income users are mainly interested in a phone’s basic functions—voice calls and SMS text messages—and little else. For them, battery life – especially in regions with unreliable electricity – is more important than ring tone options.

But, low income users are “leapfrogging” to mobile banking which I’ve mentioned previously.  Mobile phones are now being used in developing cash economies to pay for things or transfer money across distances. The implications of the rise of m-banking and other mobile-based services among low income users is enormous.

Meanwhile, mobile operators must also compete for higher income users. They’re rolling out and bundling higher end products like managed data services, Blackberry, WiMax, 3G and more – all of this while reinforcing their infrastructures and business processes to deliver higher service quality and reliability.

It gets even more interesting.  Most of the people who are gaining access to communications and the Internet via cell phones have no other way to access the web, unlike developed country where cell phones are used mainky for voice with Internet access being an occasional activity.

Reliance on mobile devices for Internet access means that content developers in Africa, like other emerging regions, see mobile devices not as a substitute for their desktop, but as a primary data platform.   We’re already seeing some promising examples of voice-data convergence aimed at this growing market. We may witness the first wide-scale convergence applications coming from Africa and other developing markets.

I’ve worked with some talented, dedicated people in the region’s telecom sector.  The speed with which they’re adaptaing to the market’s growth has been impressive.  They’re making strides in building their management capabilities and business processes to meet rising consumer demands.

It’s an exciting time to be working in this market. I can’t think of a more interesting, fertile business environment today than Africa’s nascent telecom sector.  It’s a veritable hothouse for business innovation on so many levels.

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Klein says, “When I think of air travel, there is a conditioned response that it is going to be bad,” and adds, “We’ve forgotten it is a social occasion. I can’t think of any acknowledgement of that by the airlines today.”

He’s so right.  He’s probably someone the industry should tap to help redesign on-board service programs.  In fact, bringing experts from analogous fields like hospitality is a great place to start when rethinking services.  Successful restauranteurs can also bring a lot of practical insight.  Of course, we’d have to bring designers and artists to the party.

I like the concept of tapping experts from a variety of fields and disciplines outside the industry – along with customers – to come with distinctive alternatives that make the on-board experience more enjoyable.

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